PREECLAMPSIA
UNDERSTANDING HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN PREGNANCY, AS WELL AS PREVENTION + HOLISTIC SUPPORT
Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the liver or kidneys. It usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy and, if untreated, can lead to serious, even fatal, complications for both the mother and baby. While modern medicine typically focuses on managing symptoms with medication and monitoring, a functional and integrative approach asks deeper questions: What are the root causes? How can we prevent preeclampsia from developing in the first place? And what holistic interventions can be employed to support a woman’s body and overall health during pregnancy?
This article takes a closer look at the condition from a holistic perspective, exploring what preeclampsia is, potential underlying factors, and natural ways to support women at risk.
What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is traditionally defined by the presence of high blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg) after the 20th week of pregnancy in a woman who previously had normal blood pressure, often accompanied by proteinuria (protein in the urine). In severe cases, it can lead to eclampsia, a life-threatening complication involving seizures. However, recent studies show that high blood pressure alone, even without proteinuria, can indicate preeclampsia, and other signs like headaches, visual disturbances, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes can provide clues.
While the exact cause remains unknown, preeclampsia is thought to result from improper development of the placenta's blood vessels. This abnormal vascular development can lead to reduced blood flow to the uterus, which may impair the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. A mix of genetic, immunological, nutritional, and environmental factors contributes to its development.
Risk Factors
First-time pregnancy or first pregnancy with a new partner
Advanced maternal age (over 35)
Personal or family history of preeclampsia
Multiple gestation (twins, triplets, etc.)
Chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, or autoimmune disorders
Obesity
Nutritional deficiencies (especially magnesium, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids)
Inadequate placental development, which may be linked to immune system imbalances
Preeclampsia’s complexities extend beyond the immediate physical symptoms, as it often has long-term health implications for both mother and baby. Women who experience preeclampsia have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life, including chronic hypertension and stroke. Babies born to mothers with preeclampsia may face complications such as low birth weight, premature birth, or developmental delays, emphasizing the importance of early detection and proactive care. Beyond physical health, preeclampsia can also affect mental and emotional well-being, contributing to postpartum anxiety and depression due to the heightened stress of a complicated pregnancy. This underscores the need for a comprehensive approach, not only in managing preeclampsia but also in supporting women’s long-term health and recovery, ensuring they receive care that addresses the broader impacts on both body and mind.
Root Causes from a Functional Perspective
From a functional medicine viewpoint, preeclampsia is not simply about managing high blood pressure; it’s a systemic issue that can be linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and nutrient imbalances. Understanding these root causes is key to addressing not just the symptoms but also the underlying contributors to the condition.
Oxidative Stress + Inflammation
One leading theory suggests that preeclampsia is an oxidative stress disorder. A lack of antioxidants (like vitamins C and E, and selenium) can result in increased oxidative stress, damaging placental and vascular tissues. Elevated inflammation markers have also been noted in women who develop preeclampsia, suggesting an immune component that might be triggered by factors such as infections or autoimmune issues.
Gut Health + Inflammation
There’s growing evidence of the gut’s role in systemic inflammation, immune function, and overall health during pregnancy. Poor gut health and dysbiosis (imbalance of gut bacteria) can lead to systemic inflammation and contribute to conditions like preeclampsia. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for reducing inflammatory load on the body, which may support better outcomes.
Nutrient Deficiencies
Certain nutrients are critical to a healthy pregnancy and may protect against preeclampsia. For instance, magnesium supports healthy blood pressure levels, calcium has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia, and omega-3 fatty acids can reduce inflammation. Deficiencies in these and other nutrients (such as folate and B-vitamins) can increase the risk of developing preeclampsia.
Blood Sugar Dysregulation
Insulin resistance and blood sugar imbalances are well-known risk factors for preeclampsia. Women with gestational diabetes, for instance, have a higher likelihood of developing the condition. Elevated blood sugar contributes to inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which can damage the delicate blood vessels involved in placental health.
During a routine prenatal visit in her third trimester, Anna, a 32-year-old first-time mother, noticed that her blood pressure was unusually high. Up until this point, her pregnancy had been uneventful. Her physician, concerned, ordered additional tests, which revealed elevated protein levels in her urine—an early sign of preeclampsia. Although she felt physically fine, her health was at risk. Over the next few weeks, she was closely monitored for further complications, including severe headaches and rapid weight gain from fluid retention, both of which soon followed. At 35 weeks, her condition deteriorated, and her care team made the decision to induce labor to prevent further risk to her and her baby.
Anna’s experience illustrates how preeclampsia can develop quietly and escalate quickly, even in pregnancies that seem low-risk. Despite her otherwise healthy lifestyle and no history of hypertension, preeclampsia introduced an unexpected set of challenges. The condition is a reminder that even in the absence of major symptoms, pregnant women must remain vigilant about monitoring their blood pressure and overall health—regular prenatal care can be the key to catching subtle changes before they lead to more serious complications.
Holistic Approaches to Preventing and Supporting Preeclampsia
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant-Rich Diet
A diet rich in antioxidants (fruits, vegetables, and high-quality fats like olive oil) can reduce oxidative stress. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and chia seeds have anti-inflammatory properties and support healthy placental function. Avoiding processed foods and refined sugars, which contribute to inflammation and blood sugar spikes, is crucial.
Gut Health Optimization
Supporting gut health through fermented foods, high-fiber vegetables, and potentially probiotics can reduce inflammation and support the immune system. A balanced microbiome may also contribute to better nutrient absorption and systemic health.
Supplementation
Optimizing nutrition is central to preventing and managing preeclampsia, as nutrient deficiencies can play a significant role in its development. Ensuring adequate intake of vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids is crucial for supporting healthy blood pressure, vascular function, and inflammation control.
Calcium. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that pregnant women, particularly those at high risk of preeclampsia, consume 1500-2000 mg of calcium citrate daily. Calcium has been shown to reduce the risk of high blood pressure during pregnancy, and given its safety and benefits, it’s a worthwhile supplement for all pregnant women, not just those at elevated risk.
Selenium. Supplementing with 200 mcg of selenium per day has been linked to a reduced risk of developing preeclampsia by supporting antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative stress, both of which are important in managing this condition.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). A daily dose of 90-200 mg of CoQ10 may also help lower the risk of preeclampsia. CoQ10 is a potent antioxidant that supports energy production and may help reduce oxidative damage to blood vessels.
Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids). Omega-3s, particularly EPA and DHA from fish oil, have been shown to help manage blood pressure and reduce inflammation, which are critical factors in preventing preeclampsia. Incorporating fish oil supplements (or high-quality sources like wild-caught fatty fish) into the diet can help regulate blood pressure and promote a healthier inflammatory response.
Together with a nutrient-dense, balanced diet, these supplements offer a robust defense against the onset of preeclampsia and help support overall pregnancy health. However, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplementation to ensure safety and proper dosing.
Exercise
Regular, moderate exercise can improve blood flow, regulate blood pressure, and help prevent excessive weight gain, all of which may reduce the risk of preeclampsia. Walking, swimming, and prenatal yoga are generally safe and beneficial for pregnant women.
Stress Management
High levels of stress can exacerbate blood pressure issues and systemic inflammation. Integrating relaxation techniques like mindfulness, meditation, acupuncture, and deep-breathing exercises can support hormonal balance and reduce the stress burden on the body.
Hydration and Rest
Proper hydration helps maintain blood pressure and supports the kidneys in filtering waste efficiently. Adequate sleep also promotes immune regulation and lowers inflammatory markers, making rest a crucial aspect of preeclampsia prevention.
A Holistic Approach to Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a multifaceted condition with a range of contributing factors. A holistic approach that considers nutrition, gut health, stress management, and nutrient optimization can go a long way in reducing the risk. While conventional medical management is crucial for monitoring and treating preeclampsia, integrating a functional medicine approach allows for addressing the root causes and supporting the body’s inherent ability to heal.
By fostering a healthy, anti-inflammatory diet, maintaining balanced blood sugar, optimizing gut health, and focusing on stress reduction and proper supplementation, women can significantly improve their chances of a healthy, preeclampsia-free pregnancy.
References
Williams, P. J., & Broughton Pipkin, F. (2011). The genetics of pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25(4), 405-417.
Roberts, J. M., & Gammill, H. S. (2005). Preeclampsia: recent insights. Hypertension, 46(6), 1243-1249.
Conde-Agudelo, A., & Belizán, J. M. (2000). Calcium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 95(4), 702-707.
Magnus, P., & Eskild, A. (2017). Seasonal variation in the occurrence of preeclampsia. BMJ, 327(7418), 928-929.
Roberts, J. M., & Hubel, C. A. (2009). The two-stage model of preeclampsia: variations on the theme. Placenta, 30, S32-S37.
The information provided on this page is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. While I aim to offer insights and recommendations to support your health, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your diet, lifestyle, or supplement routine. Every individual is unique, and only your healthcare provider can assess your specific needs and guide you on what is safe and appropriate for your personal health situation.